Today is the 61st anniversary of the dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki. (The bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima on the 6th.)

Catholic philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe protested and wrote an essay explaining her objections called "Mr. Truman’s Degree." I couldn’t find a copy of the essay online, but here is a blog post from another blogger last year on the essay:

When in 1956 it was proposed that Harry Truman should be given an honorary Oxford degree, Elizabeth Anscombe protested, and the eventual result was a classic of 20th-century just war theory: "Mr. Truman’s Degree". Her stance was unequivocal:

For me to choose to kill the innocent as a means to their ends is always murder, and murder is one of the worst of human actions. So the prohibition on deliberately killing prisoners of war or the civilian population is not like the Queensberry Rules: its force does not depend on its promulgation as part of positive law, written down, agreed upon, and adhered to by the parties concerned.

When I say that to choose to kill the innocent as a means to one’s ends is murder, I am saying what would generally be accepted as correct. But I shall be asked for my definition of "the innocent". I will give it, but later. Here, it is not necessary; for with Hiroshima and Nagasaki we are not confronted with a borderline case. In the bombing of these cities it was certainly decided to kill the innocent as a means to an end. (p. 64)

For this reason she determinedly opposed Truman’s honorary degree. She conceded that the bombs might have saved a large number of lives. But this is doing evil that good may come, and as she says, what that principle really means is: "every fool can be as much of a knave as suits him" (p. 65).